TITLE: Evaluation of the effect of different contents on the characteristics of a suspension formulation.
INTRODUCTION:
A suspension is a two phased system
in which a finely divided solid is dispersed in a continuous phase of solid,
liquid, or gas. The undissolved solid exists in equilibrium with a saturated
solution of the solid in the continuous phase. A pharmaceutical suspension is
a coarse dispersion in
which insoluble solid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. Most pharmaceutical
suspensions consist of an aqueous dispersion medium although in some instances
it may be an organic or oily liquid. In Summary, Properties of an Ideal
Suspension are uniform dispersion, palatable, pleasing odour and colour, no
grittiness, easy to pour yet not watery, no cap-lock and temperature
insensitive. The purposes of suspension formulation are as follows:
-To administer an insoluble compound as a
liquid.
·
To lessen the unpleasant taste of an
insoluble compound by:
-formulating
a vehicle in which the drug is not soluble using an insoluble form of the drug
(ie. salt form or prodrug) adsorbing the drug onto an insoluble carrier
·
To modify the release rate of the drug.
·
To improve the stability by reducing the
fraction of drug in solution.
Suspension is considered to be the
most bioavailable liquid dosage form. Although also a liquid, the suspension
has a dissolution step. However, relative to solid dosage forms, the suspension
offers two advantages:
·
Drug particle size must be small to
avoid a gritty mouth-feel.
·
All solid particles must be wetted to
achieve physical stability.
OBJECTIVE:
To
investigate the effects of different contents of tragacanth used on a
suspension formulation.
APPARATUS:
Weighing
boat, electronic balance, mortar and pestle, 150 ml plastic bottle, 50 and 200
ml measuring cylinder, pipette and pipette bulb, centrifuge tube, 100 ml
beaker, Coulter counter device, centrifuge device, Viscometer device.
MATERIALS:
Chalk,
Tragacanth, Concentrated Peppermint Water, Syrup BP, Double-strength Chloroform
Water, Distilled water.
PROCEDURE
1. The
suspension of Pediatric chalk mixture 150 ml was prepared using this formula:
Chalk 3g
Tragacanth refer to Table 1
Concentrated
cinnamon water 0.6 ml
Syrup
BP 15 ml
Double
strength chloroform water 75 ml
Distilled
water q.s 150 ml
Table
1
|
Pediatric chalk mixture
|
Group
|
Tragacanth (g)
|
|
I
|
1,5
|
0.0
|
|
II
|
2,6
|
0.1
|
|
III
|
3,7
|
0.3
|
|
IV
|
4,8
|
0.5
|
2. A
little amount of suspension (5ml) was poured into the weighing boat and
labeled. The texture, clarity and colour of suspension were observed and
record.
3. 50
ml of suspension was added into 50 ml measuring cylinder and the height of the
solid phase deposited in the cylinder was measured at interval of 5 min for 60
min.
|
Time
(min)
|
0
|
5
|
10
|
15
|
20
|
25
|
30
|
35
|
40
|
45
|
50
|
55
|
60
|
|
Height
(mm)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4. 95
ml of suspension was added into 100ml beaker and the viscocity of suspension
was determined using viscometer.
|
Readings
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
|
Viscocity
(cP)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average
+ SD
|
|
|||||
5. The
amount of particle with size
25
m in 100ml suspension was determined
using Coulter Counter.
|
Readings
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
|
Amount
of particle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average
+ SD
|
|
|||||
6. 10
ml of suspension was put into centrifuge tube and the height of solid produce
after centrifugal process was measured.
|
|
Height
(mm)
|
|
Before
centrifuge process
|
|
|
After
centrifuge process
|
|
|
Average of height
|
|
RESULTS
AND CALCULATIONS:
Result 1:
|
Tragacanth
|
Teksture
|
Clarity
|
Color
|
|
0.0
|
Smooth
|
Two layers are form. The above layer
is clear whereas the bottom layer is cloudy.
|
White
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.1
|
Diluted
|
Cloudy
|
Opaque white
|
|
Smooth
|
Not easy sediment, Cloudy
|
Milky white
|
|
|
0.3
|
Smooth, dilute
|
Initially, it is milky and not clear.
After a time, it is cloudy and the suspended matter is visible.
|
White and transparent above the white
layer
|
|
Slightly smooth
|
Cloudy
|
Milky
|
|
|
0.5
|
Smooth
|
Cloudy
|
Milky
|
|
Smooth, more viscous, no sedimentation
|
Cloudy
|
Milky white, one layer
|
Result 2:
|
Time
(min)
|
Average
height of sedimentation (mm) ( X ± SD)
|
|||||||||||||
|
0
|
5
|
10
|
15
|
20
|
25
|
30
|
35
|
40
|
45
|
50
|
55
|
60
|
||
|
Amount
of tragacanth (g)
|
0.0
|
0
|
10
|
7
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
|
6
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
||
|
X
|
3.0
|
7.5
|
6.0
|
5.5
|
5.5
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
|
|
±
SD
|
4.2
|
3.5
|
1.4
|
0.7
|
0.7
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
|
|
0.1
|
0
|
2
|
5
|
5
|
6
|
6
|
7
|
7
|
7
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
|
|
0
|
2
|
3
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
7
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
9
|
9
|
10
|
||
|
X
|
0.0
|
2.0
|
4.0
|
5.0
|
6.0
|
6.5
|
7.0
|
7.5
|
7.5
|
8.0
|
8.5
|
8.5
|
9.0
|
|
|
±
SD
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
1.4
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.7
|
0.0
|
0.7
|
0.7
|
0.0
|
0.7
|
0.7
|
1.4
|
|
|
0.3
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
4
|
6
|
8
|
10
|
10
|
10
|
11
|
11
|
12
|
||
|
X
|
0.0
|
0.5
|
0.5
|
3.0
|
4.0
|
5.0
|
6.0
|
7.0
|
7.0
|
7.0
|
7.5
|
7.5
|
8.0
|
|
|
±
SD
|
0.0
|
0.7
|
0.7
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
1.4
|
2.8
|
4.2
|
4.2
|
4.2
|
4.9
|
4.9
|
5.7
|
|
|
0.5
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
|
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
||
|
X
|
0.0
|
0.5
|
2.0
|
2.0
|
2.5
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
|
|
±
SD
|
0.0
|
0.7
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.7
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
|
Result 3:
|
Amount of Tragacanth (g)
|
Readings
|
Viscosity (cP)
|
Viscosity (cP) (Average ± SD)
|
|
0.0
|
1
|
7.40
|
8.733
± 1.124
|
|
2
|
9.40
|
||
|
3
|
7.70
|
||
|
4
|
9.50
|
||
|
5
|
8.20
|
||
|
6
|
10.20
|
||
|
0.1
|
1
|
7.00
|
6.583
± 0.801
|
|
2
|
6.50
|
||
|
3
|
6.00
|
||
|
4
|
6.00
|
||
|
5
|
6.00
|
||
|
6
|
8.00
|
||
|
0.3
|
1
|
3.00
|
4.900
± 1.221
|
|
2
|
4.70
|
||
|
3
|
5.90
|
||
|
4
|
4.00
|
||
|
5
|
5.90
|
||
|
6
|
5.90
|
||
|
0.5
|
1
|
13.20
|
12.967
± 6.476
|
|
2
|
6.20
|
||
|
3
|
16.80
|
||
|
4
|
19.40
|
||
|
5
|
18.20
|
||
|
6
|
4.00
|
Equation:
Where,
∑=
sum of value
x=
value of each sample
n=
number of sample
Result 4:
|
Amount
of Tragacanth (g)
|
Height
(mm)
|
Height
ratio
|
Height
ratio (Average ± SD)
|
||
|
Before
centrifuge
|
After
centrifuge
|
||||
|
Liquid
phase
|
Solid
phase
|
||||
|
0.0
|
85
|
70
|
15
|
4.667
|
5.834 ± 1.650
|
|
80
|
70
|
10
|
7.000
|
||
|
0.1
|
82
|
62
|
20
|
3.100
|
5.300 ± 3.111
|
|
85
|
75
|
10
|
7.500
|
||
|
0.3
|
80
|
65
|
15
|
4.333
|
3.619 ± 1.010
|
|
82
|
61
|
21
|
2.905
|
||
|
0.5
|
77
|
68
|
9
|
7.556
|
5.334 ± 3.143
|
|
74
|
56
|
18
|
3.111
|
||
Equation:
QUESTION
1.
Compare
the physical shape of the suspension formed and gives your comment.
In this experiment, the physical
appearances of suspension in those formulations are compared by varying the
amount of tragacanth used. Tragacanth act as a thickening agent to make the
suspension viscous and suspending agent to help prevent caking at the bottom
and facilitates redistributuion of a suspension when shaking. A well formulated
suspension must be resuspended easily upon moderate agitation. Based on the table 1, the present of
tragacanth affect the texture, clearity and colur of the suspension. Texture
for Formulation I is very dilute due to lack of tragacanth as a suspending
agent. As the amount of tragacanth increases, the texture of suspension
produces becomes more viscous and concentrated which is good for the appearance
of a suspension. Secondly, the present of tragacanth increase the cloudiness of
suspension formulated even when they are not shaken. For example, in
Formulation I; the colour of the suspension is clear white as no tragacanth is
used while in formulation IV, the colour of the suspenson is the milkiest white
as the amount of tragacant used is the highest. Lastly, tragacanth is partly
soluble in water, thus forming viscous solution with water. Due to this factor,
higher amount of tragacanth will form more viscous and concentrated solution
which is like Suspension IV.
2.
Plot the graph of height of sedimentation versus time. Give
explanation.
|
Time (min)
|
0
|
5
|
10
|
15
|
20
|
25
|
30
|
35
|
40
|
45
|
50
|
55
|
60
|
|
Height (mm)
|
0
|
0.5
|
2.0
|
2.0
|
2.5
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
From the graph
above, it is obvious that the increment of the height of sediment for
formulation IV increases gradually with the increase of time. Due to the size
of solid particles, the system would sediment. The electrical repulsive forces
between the particles allow the particles to slip past each other to form a
closed packed arrangement at the bottom of the container. Collision of
particles opposed. Small particles will fill the voids between the larger ones.
Those
particles lowest in the sediment are gradually pressed by the weight of the
ones above; the energy barrier is thus overcome, allowing the particles to come
into close contact with each other. Deflocculation of
suspension is then occurred because force of attraction is declined. This is due to the inter–particular attractive forces are
stronger than the repulsive forces of the tragacanth powder on the chalk
particles. Therefore, the
sedimentation formed increases with time.
There is a slow rate of settling due to higher concentration of tragacanth that
increases the viscosity of the formulation.
3. Plot the graph of the height of sedimentation against
time for the suspensions with different composition of tragacanth. Give your
explaination.
|
Time
(min)
|
Average
height of sedimentation (mm) ( X ± SD)
|
|||||||||||||
|
0
|
5
|
10
|
15
|
20
|
25
|
30
|
35
|
40
|
45
|
50
|
55
|
60
|
||
|
Amount
of tragacanth (g)
|
0.0
|
0
|
10
|
7
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
|
6
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
||
|
X
|
3.0
|
7.5
|
6.0
|
5.5
|
5.5
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
|
|
±
SD
|
4.2
|
3.5
|
1.4
|
0.7
|
0.7
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
|
|
0.1
|
0
|
2
|
5
|
5
|
6
|
6
|
7
|
7
|
7
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
|
|
0
|
2
|
3
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
7
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
9
|
9
|
10
|
||
|
X
|
0.0
|
2.0
|
4.0
|
5.0
|
6.0
|
6.5
|
7.0
|
7.5
|
7.5
|
8.0
|
8.5
|
8.5
|
9.0
|
|
|
±
SD
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
1.4
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.7
|
0.0
|
0.7
|
0.7
|
0.0
|
0.7
|
0.7
|
1.4
|
|
|
0.3
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
4
|
6
|
8
|
10
|
10
|
10
|
11
|
11
|
12
|
||
|
X
|
0.0
|
0.5
|
0.5
|
3.0
|
4.0
|
5.0
|
6.0
|
7.0
|
7.0
|
7.0
|
7.5
|
7.5
|
8.0
|
|
|
±
SD
|
0.0
|
0.7
|
0.7
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
1.4
|
2.8
|
4.2
|
4.2
|
4.2
|
4.9
|
4.9
|
5.7
|
|
|
0.5
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
|
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
||
|
X
|
0.0
|
0.5
|
2.0
|
2.0
|
2.5
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
|
|
±
SD
|
0.0
|
0.7
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.7
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
|
The difference in the sedimentation
rate (height/time) is due to the difference in the composition in the
tragacanth in each formulation of suspension. Tragacanth acts as suspending
agent and suspending agents are physiologically inert substances which increase
viscosity when added to suspensions. On prolonged standing suspensions
tend to cake as some crystals knit together at point of contact at the bottom
of the container. Therefore, a second important function for suspending
agents is to facilitate redistribution of a suspension on shaking. One of the
factors affecting sedimentation rate is viscosity.
Sedimentation velocity is inversely
proportional to viscosity of dispersion medium. So increase in viscosity of
medium, decreases settling, so the particles achieve good dispersion system but
greater increase in viscosity gives rise to problems like pouring,
syringibility and redispersibility of suspenoid. So as the viscosity of the
dispersion medium increases, the terminal settling velocity decreases thus the
dispersed phase settle at a slower rate and they remain dispersed for longer
time yielding higher stability to the suspension.
From the results shown in the graph
above, the list of the sedimentation rate is quite contradicted from the
theory. Suspension I which has zero amount of tragacanth, which has the lowest
viscosity should sediment at the fastest rate meanwhile suspension IV which has
the highest amount of tragacanth, having the most viscous formulation should
sediment at the lowest rate. This may be due to error from the observer that
measures the height of settlement of the suspension as the observer just use a
ruler to measure the heigh of sedimentation and the ruler cannot be put
directly to the wall of measuring cylinder because of the shape of the
measuring cylinder. Besides that, there also may be error during the
measurement of the amount of tragacanth before the tragacanth is put into the suspension
formulation.
The sedimentation height will never
be lower upon standing, in contrast with the result from suspension I. The
suspension might has been accidentally shaken that can reduce the height of
settling as the particles are redispersed in the system.
The plateau reading shows that there
are no more particles is going down due to gravitational force for the
sedimentation to occur. Clear solution should appear on top of the
sedimentation or settling particles. But, for the completely clear solution to
form, it may take a longer time and not just within 1-hour period. The error in
reading may be again wrongly seen by the observer as the change is slightly
change and cannot be detected by the conventional ruler.
4. Briefly
describe the mechanism of viscometer analysis. Plot a graph of viscosity
formulation versus amount of tragacanth (g). Explain.
|
Amount
of Tragacanth (g)
|
Viscosity
(cP) (Average ± SD)
|
|
0.0
|
8.733 ± 1.124
|
|
0.1
|
6.583 ± 0.801
|
|
0.3
|
4.900 ± 1.221
|
|
0.5
|
12.967 ± 6.476
|
The viscometer is used to measure
the viscosity of the suspension. It operates by the motor which rotates with
the speed of 300rpm. This rotation is controlled by the central controller. It
has a stirrer which is rotated in operation and the rotation is controlled by
disc which is moving by spring at more than 180 degree. The change of rotation
degree and the rate of rotation are closely linked to the force of rotation by
the disc and it is measured as current. The change od rotation of degree is
directly proportional to the viscosity of the fluid and the unit is measured as
cP. Besides, the infra red radiations are emitted by LED and these radiations
diffuse through disc and then they are detected by photo diod. Change in degree
of disc rotation will influence the emitting infra red radiations and the
changes are detected and read by photo diod.
Based on the graph of viscosity
versus amount of tragacanth, generally indicate that the viscosity decreases as
the amount of tragacanth increases in the suspension formulation. This is
opposite from the theory as the theory said, as the amount of tragacanth used
increases the viscosity of the suspension also increases. This is due to the function of tragacanth as
the thickening agent that reduces the surface tension between particles of
solid and liquid. Thus, it will reduce the movement of suspended particles.
However, based on the graph, at 0.1g and 0.3g of tragacanth used, the viscosity
of suspension decreases gradually. This is maybe due to some errors that occur
during experiment such as used wrong spindle and presence of foreign
particulate matters in the suspension that affected the speed of rotation.
6. Plot a graph of height ratio of
sediment as a result of centrifugation against amount of tragacanth. Give
explanation.
|
Amount
of Tragacant
|
0.0
|
0.1
|
0.3
|
0.5
|
|
Height
ratio (X±SD)
|
5.834
± 1.650
|
5.300
± 3.111
|
3.619
± 1.010
|
5.334
± 3.143
|
Theoretically,
the height of sediment should decrease slowly with weight of tragacanth. The
higher the amount of tragacanth in
formulation, the lower the height of sediment formed. This is due to the
stabilisation of suspensions that contain more tragacanth. Tragacanth acts as
stabilizing agent that
suspends the solid phase (chalk) in the liquid phase to form a stable suspension.
With more tragacanth powder in formulation, the suspension should be more
stable and less flocculation will be formed. However, the graph obtained from
the experiment does not actually follow the thereotical graph pattern.
For
suspension I, as no tragacanth is added, ratio of sediment height due to
centrifugation is the highest. For suspension II that is where 0.1g of
tragacanth is added, the ratio of sediment height due to centrifugation
decreases dramatically. For suspension III in which 0.3 g of tragancanth is
been used, the height ratio of sediment decreases. This is because tragacanth
act as suspending agent. Last but not least, in reference to the plotted graph,
the height ratio of sediment in suspension IV with 0.5g of tragacanth is
increasing. The actual height ratio of sediment in suspension IV should be
lower than that on suspension III. Some errors might occur during the
experiment. For example, error that happened to alter the result obtained is
errors during pouring the suspension into the centrifuge tube or during
measuring the height of the sediment. The amount of chalk to be suspended maybe
not accurately measured. This will affect the height of sediment.
7. What is the function of each
ingredients used in this suspension formulation? How is the use of different
amount of Tragacanth affect the physical characteristics and stability of a
suspension formulation?
Chalk acts as an adsorbent and
antacid. Besides that, it is also the active ingredients to treat diarrhea.
Tragacanth acts as suspending agent and wetting agent to reduce surface tension
between solid and liquid particles in a liquid medium. It forms viscous
solutions or gels with water, depending on the concentration. It increases the viscosity of
the solution, which is necessary to prevent sedimentation of the suspended
particles. The concentrated peppermint water is the carminative agent and
flavouring agent. It has mildly antiseptic properties. Syrup BP is a solvent
and sweetening agent. Double strength chloroform water acts as flavouring and
preservative agent. Distilled water is solvent which form aqueous medium.
Amount of tragacanth used in the
formulation will affect the physical properties of suspension formed. Different
amount of tragacanth will determine either the solution will be rough or
smooth. If higher amount of tragacanth is used, the suspension formed will have
a texture that is very viscous, slippery and more difficult to spread and
slower down the precipitate formed. The suspension containing large amount of Tragacanth powder is more stable and less flocculation will
occur or occur after longer duration of time compared to those having smaller
amount of Tragacanth powder. Conversely,
if the content tragacanth too little, it can result in suspension is not stable
because of the precipitation occurs rapidly on the basis of the measuring
cylinder but it is easy to redisperse. Thus, the optimum content tragacanth is
reasonably required to ensure the stability of a suspension formulation.
DISCUSSION
There
are a few errors that may have occurred during the experiment. Parallax error
may have happened while taking the height of the sedimentation. This could be
due to the difference in observation from one student to another. Besides that
the technique in preparing a suspension too affects the physical properties of
a suspension. It cannot be denied that there may have been a possibility that
students may have inaccurately measured the quantity of materials needed to
formulate the suspension. If this occurred, it is sure that the suspension
capacity to sediment will be different from the other group that formulates the
same type of suspension formulation.
Another
source of error could be during the use of the viscometer. The readings of the
viscometer should only be taken once the reading is fixed and stable and not
adjusting anymore. Besides that, students should also have ensured that their
suspension was stirred well before placing it in the viscometer. Students may
also have not cleaned the rotor of the viscometer with distilled water before
placing the next sample to be tested.
As
a general discussion, it can be concluded that the presence of tragacanth can
affect the texture, clearity, and colour of suspension formulated. As the
amount of tragacanth increase, the texture of suspension produce becomes more
viscous and concentrated. This is good for the appearances of a suspension. In
terms of clarity, the present of tragacanth increase the cloudiness of
suspension formulated even when they are not shaken. For suspension added
with tragacanth powder, there is no any sediment at the beginning of the
experiment. However the height of sedimentation is increased as the time past because the force of interaction
between the inter-particular attractive forces is higher than the
inter-particular repulsive forces in suspension. In addition to that, when a
suspension has a high amount of tragacanth powder, it will become more stable
and less flocculation will occur. Hence, time required for the sediment to be formed
will be longer.
Even when a suspension
has tragacanth powder, sedimentation will still occur because the forces of
interaction between the inter–particular attractive forces are stronger than
the inter-particular repulsive forces of the tragacanth powder on suspension. The height of
sedimentation will increases with time until a maximum sedimentation level is
achieved. Due to some errors occurred during the experiment the height ratio
and viscosity of suspension do not get the expected result. The height ratio should be decreased as the
suspension becomes more viscous and harder to sediment.
CONCLUSION
We
can evaluate the effect when using varied amount of tragacanth and this will
influence the physical characteristics and stability of the suspension. The
higher the amount of tragacanth, the slower is the rate of sedimentation.
Besides, the higher the quantity of tragacanth, the higher is the viscosity of
suspension. The ratio of height of sedimentation decreases with an increase in
weight of tragacanth. Thus we can conclude that a suspension formulated with a
high content of tragacanth will produce a more viscous and stable formulation.
APPENDIX
Pediatric Chalk Mixture suspension is prepared by mixing
tragacanth, chalk, concentrated peppermint water, syrup, double-strength
chloroform water and distilled water.
The suspension produced is stirred evenly.
150ml of paediatric chalk mixture is produced.
5mL of suspension formed is poured into a weighing boat and
its texture, clearance and colour is compared.
50mL of suspension formed then is put into 50mL of measuring
cylinder and the height of sediment solid is
measured.
Remaining suspension (95mL) is poured into a 100mL beaker
and the viscosity is determined by using viscometer.
REFERENCES:
1. Pharmaceutical
Practice, Winfield Richards, 2nd Edition
2. Michael
E.Aulton, Aulton’s Pharmaceutics The Design And Manufacture of Medicines, third
edition, 2007, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier
3. Agarwal,
S.P. & Khanna R. 2006. Physical Pharmacy, 2nd edition, Satish
Kumar Jain for CBS Publisher & Distributer.
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